As in other civilizations in Eurasia, the peasants of the Shang Dynasty had to contribute some of their agricultural products to support the nobles, scribes and officials who lived in cities. Moreover, during the war, they had to serve as infantry and fight for their noble lords. However, they carried only light weapons, such as chariots drawn by two horses and bronze armor for charging into battle, which only the dominant warrior class could afford. The monopoly of bronze smelting and casting industry made the class differentiation of Shang Dynasty more acute. This can be clearly seen by comparing the complex palaces and mausoleums of Shang kings with the primitive pits where the common people lived. Valuable funerary ob jects placed in the mausoleum, such as bronze ritual vessels, exquisite silk fabrics, jade, marble, musical instruments and exquisite weapons, can also be used to illustrate this point. The most impressive thing is that after the death of the Shang King, many people were slaughtered and buried, usually killing dozens of people at a time. It is not clear whether these unfortunate people,uns c70600, presumably slaves or prisoners of war, were sacrificed to appease the vengeful gods or to serve as slaves and concubines of the dead monarch. www.xiＡoshuotxＴ.cＯＭ Chapter 6 The End of Ancient Civilization Big "" learn "student: Small.. Say Net Conquest can be achieved by the courage of the sword alone; and therefore a people accustomed to a nomadic life, to the barbarous customs formed in desert regions, can easily conquer a more civilized people, even if the latter are more numerous than the former. Ibn Khaldun In any civilization, there are many poets and thinkers who look back on the past with longing. They saw prehistoric people as "noble barbarians" untainted by the corrupting influence of civilization. A long time ago,x60 line pipe, when the first wonderful chapter of human existence was "just beginning", the world was a paradise. There are many poems and books in Indian epics that eulogize the beautiful past, saying that there was no hierarchy in society at that time, and people could enjoy life freely and carefree. Hesiod, the Greek poet of the eighth century BC, had the same desc ription. He first described the golden age long ago, and then from the silver age, the black iron age to the tragic age in which the author lived, he outlined the process of human destiny going from bad to worse. The idea that primitive people are extremely happy is ba sed on some historical facts, which can also be shown by the widespread and long-term existence of this idea. Although the civilizations of the ancient world were different from each other in terms of their "type", that is, Brushless Gear Motor ,321 stainless steel sheet, the way they looked at life and dealt with it, they were very similar in one basic respect. In the same way, they all changed the relationship between people, replacing the classless society before civilization with a new class society, thus bringing far-reaching effects on all aspects of human society, not only increasing productivity, but also making society extremely fragile and vulnerable to the invasion of nomadic tribes. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the historical significance of ancient civilization and the large-scale invasions that laid the foundation for later classical civilization in the second millennium BC. I. Historical Significance of Ancient Civilization As far as economic and social relations are concerned, the members of pre-civilized tribes have equal and unfettered rights to the natural resources necessary for their subsistence. Economic equality and the same social status are the symbols of village communities in the Neolithic Age. But when the tribesmen became farmers, their rights to the land were no longer unfettered, nor did they enjoy the full fruits of their labor. While their obligations vary from region to region, the end result is the same everywhere. After paying the state, the priests, the landlords, and the usurers a certain amount of the fruits of their labor, there was almost always only enough left for them to eke out a living. Thus, contrary to the egalitarian hunting societies of the Paleolithic and the village communities of the Neolithic, two classes, the rich and the poor, inevitably emerged in ancient and later civilizations. What does the emergence of these two classes mean? As early as the third millennium BC, an Egyptian father on his way to send his son to school said something that was a good answer. In order to persuade his son to study hard, he compared the misfortunes of farmers and craftsmen with the happiness of learned scribes and officials. He said Learn to write with your heart. If you learn to do any heavy work, you can throw it far away. You can also be a famous official. Books and histories do not need to do manual work, but they can command others. Don't you have something for scribes to write with? That's the thing that separates you from the oarsmen. I have seen me talworkers working in the furnace mouth, with ten fingers like crocodile claws, and their stink is worse than fish eggs. The work of a stonemason is to deal with all kinds of hard stones. When he finishes his work, his arms are too tired to lift. When he sleeps at night, he is still sore. He has to curl up and sleep all night. When the sun comes out, he has to work again. His knees and spine are almost broken. The barber shaved people from morning till night, and apart from eating, he did not even have time to sit. He hurried from house to house, picking up jobs. Just as bees eat their own honey. He broke his arms just to fill his stomach. The farmer has only one suit of clothes all the year round, his voice is as hoarse as an old crow, his ten fingers are never idle, and his two arms are as thin as firewood when the wind blows. Where he rested, if he could rest at all, was in the mud. When he is not sick,316ti stainless steel, he shares his health with the animals; when he is sick, he squeezes a piece of ground among the animals and lies down. Study hard. There is really nothing to compare with learning. If you study in school for a day, you will enjoy the benefits for a lifetime. ichgearmotor.com